Rhetorical Analysis of Malcolm X - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 725 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Malcolm X Essay Did you like this example? Over the course of the history segregation between races has been a major problem, so much so that some races were treated so lowly that they were slaves to the others. As time went on there were laws and acts passed that that limited and even stopped slavery throughout the United States. African Americans were a large population that made up the slave labor class and to this day are still treated by some people as lower than a White man. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Rhetorical Analysis of Malcolm X" essay for you Create order Although racism is still alive the African American were given rights equal to the White mans rights. The Civil rights movement made it possible for an African American to sit where they want on buses, in restaurants, and in schools. It allowed them to get jobs of equal status to whites, drink out of the same drinking fountain, and talk to a white without being scolded for doing so. Many people were involved and made the Civil Rights movement possible but there were some that made more of an impact in the sense of protests, speeches, and peaceful approaches. Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. were two very influential men in the fight that got African Americans the rights they deserved but because of Martin Luthers peaceable approach to racial separation and inequality between Whites and African Americans he made more of an impact on the Civil Rights Movement when compared to the violent approach of Malcolm X. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15th, 1929 in Atlanta Georgia to Martin Luther King Sr. and Alberta Williams King. He grew up in a faith-based household. He was raised in the Baptist Church and his father along with his grandfather were Baptists ministers. He thrived in school and graduated from a segregated high school at the age of 15. then went on to Crosier Seminary where he studies theology for three years. During his schooling, he met his wife Coretta Scott with who he had 4 children. He decided he wanted to be a minister, so he went to the seminary and graduated at top of his class in 1951. He went on to become the twentieth pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. He led Malcolm X originally known as Malcolm Little was a revolutionary, a man with an Idea that anything that the African Americans wanted and that was refused by the government was to be fought for by any means necessary. Malcolm X was born in Omaha, Nebraska on May 19th, 1925 to Earl and Louise Little. Grew up with a complicated home life and his family was constantly targeted by white supremacist groups. His father was a member of a black supremacist group making him a greater target other than being an African American. One night his home was mysteriously burned down and his father was killed, at this time Malcolm was only six. When Malcolm was thirteen his mother was admitted into a mental hospital due to a mental breakdown caused by his father died. Malcolm was then put into foster care and slight up with his sisters and brothers losing all communication with them. He was admitted into a school where he started to thrive but one of his teachers to him that an African American could never be a lawyer which was his dream. He then gave up on his dream and dropped out of school. At the age of twenty, he entered a life of crime and got arrested for stealing and was sentenced to 10 years. While in prison he realized his faith and converted to the Nation of Islam. Once he was from prison he studied the religion and in December of 1953 Malcolm became an Islamic Minister. He was a minister at three different temples in Boston, Philadelphia, and New York. In 1958 he married Betty Shabazz who he had six children with. Malcolm continued his life taking interest in the civil rights movement and racism. He believed that the government would not help them, so they would have to help themselves. He went on to lead many Muslims and Africans in protests for equality between African Americans and Whites. He was one of the main leaders in the civil rights movement until February 21, 1965. Malcolm was scheduled to give a speech at the Audubon Ballroom when he was assassinated by a member of the Nation of Islam, Thomas Hagan.

Stem cells are at the center of a new field of science...

Stem cells are at the center of a new field of science called regenerative medicine. Stem cells are unique cells that are unspecialized and have the ability to proliferate and develop into many different cell types by forming more daughter cells, which become new stem cells or differentiate to become specialized cells. They have the potential to treat diseases, such as Parkinsons, diabetes and cancer. They may be used to rejuvenate organs, reducing the need for organ transplants. The discovery of stem cells is a rapid progressing field in medicine and research. Stem cells come from several origins in the body and are capable of surviving over long periods. They are most commonly; adult stem cells, human embryonic stem cells and induced†¦show more content†¦For induced pluripotent stem cells, viruses are currently used to introduce embryonic genes and have been shown to cause cancers in mouse studies, which may be harmful for human. Embryonic stem cells might trigger an immun e response, whereby, the recipients body attacks the stem cells as foreign invaders, or fail to function typically. It is imperative for researches to clarify and tackle ethical issues to ensure that the uses of stem cells are accepted by the community. It is important that scientists pursue stem cell research while treasuring lives. Stem cell therapy advocates the reparative response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells. Regenerative medicine holds the promise of ways to repair cardiovascular damage and improved cancer treatment. Stem cells are used to treat leukemia, some joint repairs and repair the liver. The adult stem cells used to treat autism comes from the human umbilical cord tissue. The role of stem cell therapies has brought the success level of scientists higher as they are soon to discover treatments for more diseases. Research on stem cells continues to advance knowledge about how healthy cells reinstate damaged cells in adult organisms. The p otential for future medical use is promising because stem cell research is a highly engrossing area of contemporary biology that is leading to a changing landscape in healthcare. However, much workShow MoreRelatedThe Field Of Bioartificial Organs1565 Words   |  7 PagesModern science has achieved vast successes in multiple fields over the last few years. In this respect, experimentation in the field of bioartificial organs is particularly extraordinary, because it has the potential to kick off a new age in the medical field and science as a whole. However, the research and use of bioartificial organs, specifically the stem cells involved, often stir up controversy. Although the possibilities stem cells bring about are very profitable to the medical field and bioartificialRead MoreEssay on Stem Cell Research: An Ethical Interpretation1946 Words   |  8 Pagesthe solution to these sicknesses was inside the very people they torment. Stem cell research is undeniably a heated topic in today’s world. Supporters claim it is saving lives, however, from the opposition, it is viewed as murderous. Both sides present a strong argument and have respectable pros and cons. Despite the opposing side’s argument, it is in the United States’ best interest to invest tax money into stem cell research because it has already proved successful in advancing out nation scientificallyRead MoreStem Cell Research : A Hot Topic Among The Medical Science1928 Words   |  8 PagesNovember 2014 Stem Cell Research: A hot topic among the medical science community, stem cell research is raising much debate over its appearance in the field. Those who favor this practice in modern medicine suggest that stem cells potentially increase human health and existence, whereas the opposition supports the idea that it is an unethical practice which should be banned. According to Insoo Hyun’s Embryonic Stem Cell Research, â€Å"The main bioethical issues with respect to human stem cells involve theirRead MoreCareer Of The Clinical Laboratory Science Field2116 Words   |  9 PagesCareers in the Clinical Laboratory Science Field By: Rolando Barrios November 20, 2014 Per. 1-6 What is Clinical Laboratory Science? Clinical Laboratory Science, also known as Medical Technology is the occupation in the medical field that provides doctors with information needed to treat a disease. Laboratory Scientists, perform an extended variety of tests, ensure that the test results are reliable, explain the importance of laboratory tests, and study the effectiveness of laboratory testsRead MoreStem Cell Research, Ethics And Policy Essay2393 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Stem cell research and engineering is a widely disputed topic that often divides people in science, ethics, and religion. In order to fully understand the controversy surrounding this area of scientific research and discovery, one must be informed as to what stem cells are. In the article, â€Å"Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Research, Ethics and Policy†, stem cells are described as â€Å"primitive cells with the capacity to divide and give rise to more identical stem cells or to specialize andRead MoreEssay about Stem Cells: The Future of Medicine3292 Words   |  14 Pagesthat you could repair damaged nerves. Some believe that stem cells may hold the answers to some of these questions. What are stem cells and why should you or I even care about them? Some believe that they are a miracle treatment waiting to happen while others believe that stem cells are highly immoral. Why does so much controversy surround the issue? Why is the conversation of stem cells feared by some an d praised by others? To some stem cells are the medical hopes for the future, something for usRead More Stem Cells Essay4600 Words   |  19 Pages Stem cells are a large focus of study in today’s biomedical world. They are cells that exist in an undifferentiated state, and transform into differing tissue types depending on what the cells surrounding them are. The different types of stem cells have the ability to repair many classes of damaged human tissue. However, only one type of stem cell promises to regenerate virtually any class of tissue. This is the highly controversial embryonic stem cell (ESC). Unfortunately, there is a dark sideRead MoreEssay about Argument Against Human Cloning1902 Words   |  8 Pagessuccess rate of one to four percent. When applied to humans, this percentage may decrease and become lower and more unpredictable. With lives at stake, is it worth the risk of the embryos involved in the unstable process? Although cloning may allow for new medical procedures and research of diseases and cures, it takes away from the natural biological order of life, and allows humans to play God while creating a margin of error which could result in many defects. Many ethical and moral dilemmas ariseRead MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 Pagesresults of current and anticipated products, sales efforts, expenses, the outcome of contingencies such as legal proceedings, and financial results. The Group undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties. The Group cautions investors that a number of important factors, including those in this document, could cause actual results to differ materiallyRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesotherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com . Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax

Essay about Citizenship, a Right and a ResponsibilityÂ.

When I think of America I think of freedom and citizenship. The right to vote or the right of free speech are aspects that, as citizens, we posses. Being born in America automatically gives you these rights and many more, and most importantly, you become a citizen. Now, with citizenship comes responsibility such as obeying the law and paying taxes. So if you follow these simple rules does this make you an effective citizen? This question, in my opinion, is almost impossible to answer for a number of reasons, which will be addressed in the following paper. It was extremely hard to come up with a clear cut answer as to what an effective citizen entails. I grappled with this term through many drafts and in the end came up with many†¦show more content†¦The money also goes to pay for police and fire protection which we depend upon every day, these people are a necessity to our daily lives. Citizens must also abide by certain laws, which in the mind of some citizens, is a sa crifice. My answer to them is that we are not in a state of nature and this is a price you have to pay for living in a society. In their mind, if they were in a state of nature then they would not have to abide by such laws. As John Locke pointed out, we all are here for the preservation of mankind. We make these sacrifices for protection and, in the end, not only benefit the individual but also benefit the community, society, or nation. (Locke, pgs. 170-171, 180-186). So each citizen, in order to (in Abraham Lincolns words) form a more perfect union, must make certain sacrifices which in the end, not only helps you but helps others, this is one of our responsibilities as citizens. Finally, in regards to this paragraph, someone who DOES fulfill his or her responsibilities, are good citizens, but that is not the whole definition of a good citizen, it is simply one part of a bigger picture. The question can now be raised, if one follows and fulfills these responsibilities does that really make them a good citizen? If a person follows the laws and pays his or her taxes, does that make them a good or effective citizen? In my opinion, it all depends upon the person defining the term effective citizenship. Each person has different beliefs andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Citizenship, A Right And A Responsibility?.1549 Words   |  7 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; When I think of America I think of freedom and citizenship. The right to vote or the right of free speech are aspects that, as citizens, we posses. Being born in America automatically gives you these rights and many more, and most importantly, you become a citizen. Now, with citizenship comes responsibility such as obeying the law and paying taxes. So if you follow these simple rules does this make you an effective citizen? This question, in my opinion, is almostRead MoreCitizenship of Organization, Nation and Planet-Rights and Responsibilities1351 Words   |  6 PagesCitizenship of Organization, Nation and Planet-Rights and Responsibilities It has been rightly said by someone-â€Å"The price of freedom is eternal vigilance.† Eternal vigilance for the citizen must take many forms. There are many varied definitions for Citizen, but in this context it can be said that Citizen is the person who represents the country-legally and Citizenship describes the status of belonging somewhere and it implies both rights and responsibilities (Graham, 1991). When a Citizen getRead More Education for citizenship is important because every society needs1545 Words   |  7 PagesEducation for citizenship is important because every society needs people to contribute effectively, in a variety of ways, to the future health and wellbeing of communities and the environment, locally, nationally and globally. Rationale for citizenship Education for citizenship is important because every society needs people to contribute effectively, in a variety of ways, to the future health and wellbeing of communities and the environment, locally, nationally and globally. FosteringRead MoreCitizenship And The Rights Of Legal Personhood1285 Words   |  6 PagesCitizenship is a concept that is composed of three parts. The first part, described by Jean L Cohen, states that citizenship assumes the citizen ‘a juridical status of legal personhood’ (Cohen, 1999). Each individual is granted a legal status within the country to which they claim citizenship, granting them the political and social rights that the nation state holds. They are obliged to follow the laws set out within that state and therefore they obtain the right to claim the law’s protection. SecondlyRead More World View and Citizenship Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pagesdo that, we all must fulfill our responsibilities as citizens. For me, citizenship is an entitlement that everyone is obliged to uphold; therefore, I try to follow through on my responsibilities as a citizen of my community, country, and world. Being a citizen of the United States has many responsibilities, and it is my duty to follow through with these responsibilities. In order to do this, I must employ my rights and act dutifully. To fulfill my responsibilities as a citizen, there are many thingsRead MoreThe Role of the Citizen Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesU.S.A. you may enjoy numerous basic rights and freedoms. Freedom of assembly and press are just a few. The rights of a citizen are assured by the Bill of Rights, the Constitution and the various Amendments therein. Still, along with these rights are responsibilities. Such liabilities include voting, following rules and laws, and jury duty. Minors may also be active citizens and assist in making their community a better place. A model citizen knows their rights, is responsible, stays knowledgeableRead MoreCitizen : An American Lyric1454 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, a â€Å"citizenship is the common thread that co nnects all Americans† (â€Å"Citizenship Rights and Responsibilities†). However, regardless of possessing a citizenship, there is an apparent divide in race, highlighted in Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric, as the author exposes the daily experiences of having dark skin in the United States, which can strip the feeling of being American for people. For every citizen to feel like a true citizenRead MoreEssay on The Concept of Citizenship1014 Words   |  5 PagesConcept of Citizenship Citizens are members of a certain state and are formally recognised by that state. The concept of citizenship is therefore legalistic. Citizens are individuals who have a legal status within the state. They are granted certain rights and in return must perform certain duties. The range and balance between the rights granted and duties they are supposed to perform, vary from state to state and time to time. For example, in war time the rights and obligationsRead More Global Citizen Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pages Global citizenship has the term that is widely used for different purposes and meanings. There is no single consensus on the meaning of global citizenship. â€Å"The concept of global citizenship arose during the days of ancient Greece and during the era of the Roman Empire† (Dower, p.6). Hans Schattle also measures that not only has â€Å"global citizenship† emerged as a variant within the concept of citizenship, but the concept of â€Å"global citizenship† contains many variants and sources of internal division†Read MoreThe Importance Of Citizenship In Antigone713 Words   |  3 PagesIn this essay you will hear more about my personal thoughts about what citizenship means to me, how it is shown as bad in the play, Antigone, and then more about citizenship and the responsibilities. Almost everybody in the world is a citizen to some place. Whether it be in Tokyo, Japan, or the USA, people have different experiences with citizenship. For me, I am only 15 years old, so there is not nearly as much responsibility as a citizen that I have to do when I am an adult. For adults being a

John Locke The Most Influential Philosophical And...

The Key to Locke John Locke â€Å"proved to be the most influential philosophical and political thinker of the seventeenth century† (Kagen 213). He lived in a period of great political change; Locke’s upbringing came to influence his philosophies, and these ideas had much significance in regards to the Enlightenment. Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in Wrington, Somerset (John Locke 9: 478). Early on came the outbreak of the English Civil War. Anglican and possessing Puritan sympathies, Locke’s father fought with the parliamentary forces against the royalist cavaliers. Locke became a factor in the English Restoration after the conflict: a defender of the rights of the people. He received a formal education from Westminster School and then Oxford. Generally uninterested in â€Å"†¦ the traditional Scholastic curriculum of rhetoric, grammar, moral philosophy, geometry, and Greek,† Locke began to delve into experimental science and medicine (Locke 23: 2 21). He was given membership into the newly formed Royal Society in London, keeping him in touch with scientific advances, and also became familiar with the important natural philosophers of the time. Through mutual interest and values, Locke came into association with Lord Ashley, the earl of Shaftesbury, and was drawn into political affairs. Sufferings due to asthma caused Locke to move from polluted London back to Oxford, and six months later to France for four years; his travels not only alleviated his symptoms but put him intoShow MoreRelatedAge Of Enlightenment755 Words   |  4 PagesEnlightenment, encouraged the spread of philosophical thinking, science, communications, and politics. This movement gradually branched out from Northern Europe and reached places such as the United States of America and France, encouraging the American and French Revolutions. The Enlightenment brought about a new age of philosophical and intellectual thinkers, such as John Locke, which helped s hape and influence modern government and politics. John Locke is recognized as the father of classicalRead MoreEvolution and the Modern Social Contract Theory : Essay Outline1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Outline POLS 14033 – Political Ideas and Ideologies The Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Question: Firstly, in this essay, we will describe and analyze the various concepts of the evolution and emergence of the modern social contract theory thru the analysis of several of its key political thinkers. We will provide a detailed review of the concepts that have developed and that were crucial for theRead MoreThe Enlightenment Ideas Of The American Revolution1423 Words   |  6 Pagesdid it by not paying taxes. The King of England was frustrated by the colonist s action and send an army to the Americas to sort this problem out. However, the people of America wanted to be free from England, so with the help of the Enlightenment thinkers and the philosophers, they started an attack to the English soldiers. That is how the war with England began and it is known as the Revolutionary War. The American Revolution was influenced by the ideas which was caused by the Enlightenment. ThisRead MoreThe Enlightenment By Thomas Paine And John Locke1709 Words   |  7 Pagesthe past, overturning o ld ideas and moving forward. Enlightenment thinkers helped in spreading the idea that individuals could find universal truths for themselves while improving society through reasoning and science. Enlightenment thinkers who emulate these spreading of ideas include Thomas Paine and John Locke. Thomas Paine constructed The Age of Reason challenging traditional religion and validity of the Bible, while John Locke established The Second Treatises of Government which explained theRead MoreBusiness Ethics: John Locke Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics: John Locke Business Ethics Business ethics is defined as â€Å"a specialized study of moral right and wrong that focusses on moral standards as they apply to business institutions, organizations, and behavior† (Velasquez, 2014, p.15). Business ethics is the study of moral standards that focusses primarily on how these standards may apply to social systems and/or organizations. For this paper I will be focusing on one of the great minds of business ethics, John Locke, his ideas andRead MoreEssay On John Locke And Thomas Hobbes1076 Words   |  5 Pages John Locke and Thomas Hobbes John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, two English Enlightenment philosophers, were both very influential politically and philosophically despite having almost opposite beliefs. While each individually influenced later documents and events such as the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution, they had an equally big impact in history. Today, everyone recognizes natural rights and the modern system of government uses social contracts every day. Thomas HobbesRead MoreAnalysis Of John Locke s The Of The Golden Era Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagesphenomenal thinker and leader, and so he is regarded as the Emperor of the â€Å"Golden Era†. Leonardo da Vinci opened the door to the Renaissance and William Shakespeare treated us to the best writings and plays in the English language. 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The Enlightenment Thinkers, mostly through their writings, were able to spread their ideas of a new European outlook which would ultimatelyRead MoreBackground And The Enlightenment1546 Words   |  7 PagesBackground to the Enlightenment The Enlightenment was important philosophical, intellectual, cultural, and social movement that spread through Europe in the 1700’s. It involved a new worldview where people looked for answers with reason instead of faith, with a natural approach rather than a supernatural one. These characteristics are shared with an earlier intellectual movement known as the Renaissance. The Enlightenment could be looked at as a continuation of the Renaissance. There is one important

Science Cass Free Essays

For visually impaired students, a Science class could pose as a threat for them because of the different chemicals and many scientific apparatus that can physically harm them. Their functioning senses particularly their sense of touch might be impaired if scientific equipment are not properly positioned or arranged. I think the recommendations mentioned including the rearrangement of desks and maintaining a clutter-free class room were simple but doable. We will write a custom essay sample on Science Cass or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first-hand experience of the teacher with a blind person gave the teacher an idea of how to make his or her class and the lay out of the room more sympathetic and sensitive to the special needs of visually impaired students. Response No. 2 I think space is one of the major factors to consider when designing a classroom that would also accommodate visually impaired students. Having enough room would increase the mobility of visually impaired students and reduce the risks of being bumped into by other students or knocking off things. The suggestion of visually impaired students assisting their fellow students with assignments and interacting through board games are excellent opportunities to hone their social skills. However, these recommendations might not yield positive outcomes because there is always the possibility that other students might take advantage of their disabilities. Response No. 3 To effectively draft plans according to the needs of visually impaired students, the nature and severity of their disability should be learned and considered.   The power of knowledge can make a huge difference. By simply knowing the gravity of the visually impaired students’ blindness, a teacher can be able to determine the necessary actions needed to be done to address their needs in a classroom environment. The needs of a severely blind person are different from the needs of a moderately blind person. By considering this, the resources of the school and the efforts of the teacher can be maximize that can yield productive results. More so, not only do visually impaired students benefits from this kind of set up but also normal students. The use of auditory-based resources and the adoption of descriptive-based teaching style can enhance a normal student’s creativity while a visually impaired student can have a productive experience in this kind of setting. Response No. 4 I think technology have changed the way most people live in the modern age. One of the benefits of technology is its capability to be use as a device for teaching, in which had facilitated easy learning for many students. More so, the availability of advanced gadgets such as the computer program that can transform text into speech and computer had helped visually impaired students to cope up with class discussions and with the class course. Because of science and technology, students with disabilities specifically visually impaired can go through with their studies just like any other normal student. As a result, students with visual impairments will reduce the chances developing low self-esteem or even have the feeling of being alienated. Response No. 5 In order for students with disabilities to feel that they are part of a class, the teacher must get to know these students personally in order to determine their personality and expectations. By having a bond, teachers and visually impaired students can easily formulate together plans on how to make the class environment suitable for the students with disabilities and also the teacher can generate new methods or styles of teaching to fit the needs of these students. It is important to note the wants and needs of these special students because sometimes people tend to think that they know better but they do not that How to cite Science Cass, Papers

Global Patterns and Predictors of Marine Biodiversity

Question: Discuss about the Global Patterns and Predictors of Marine Biodiversity. Answer: Introduction: The goods and services provided by the intertidal shores are critical for the proper functioning of life support system of this planet. They have a significant direct and indirect contribution in human welfare and therefore add an economic value to the ecosystem. Intertidal shores have always been desirable area to live, work and play since beginning of times. In earlier times, estuaries and inlets were places of shelter and staging areas for growing food. As trading developed they provided port for transport and vessel protection. With industrial revolution, ports were used not only for transport of raw material and finished goods but also for water extraction and discharge of wastes. Then in the post material society, recreational activities increased and inland waterways, beaches, coral reefs and cliffs became areas of leisure activities (Wilson J 2005). They also provided valuable fisheries, wildlife environment, and nutrient cycling. The intertidal shores provides us with specie s to measure environmental quality like dogwelk and mussel and barnacle used to monitor climate change. It is useful for educational (e.g taxonomy like profera, annelids, coelenterates, mollusks, crusteaceans, arthropods, etc) and experimental purposes (e.g. physiology, form and function). Other animals seen are starfish, sea urchins and corals. The areas it provides are steep rocky cliffs, sandy beaches or wetlands. The marine ecosystem has been subjected to numerous threats over the years. These threats range from over exploitation, pollution, non-native species invasions, habitat destruction and fragmentation and global climate change. But pollution is by far the greatest threat to marine environment. There are three main sources of pollution of the marine environment - coastal sources, atmospheric deposition and offshore inputs. Many pollutants enter the sea from these mentioned sources and pollute the marine environment. e.g. Hydrocarbon compounds or petroleum hydrocarbons/oil the hydrocarbons are further divided into four chemical types alkanes, aromatics, naphthenes and alkenes. Crude oil consists of a mixture of these classes. When crude oil enters the sea, accidently from vessels or willingly from refineries, it floats, though part of it sinks and part evaporates. This crude oil and its refined products cause physio-chemical changes toxication of the marine environment. It reduces the light reaching the floral and faunal organism for photosynthesis, birds feathers get coated with oil and it loses its water-proofing quality because of which they sink and drown. The chemical constituents of oil like benzene, toluene and xylene are extremely toxic. These constituents accumulate in sediments and fish and over time become a threat to the benthic organisms. persistant toxic substances (PTS) consists of a wide variety of substances that are have been there since a long time, are noxious but persist for less time because of continuous use and removal, all of which leads to their chronic exposures. e.g. perfluorooctanyl sulfonates used in surface treatment of fabrics, brominated flame retardants in electronic goods. The persistent toxic substance contains some constituent which is harmful and not degradable known as persistent organic pollutants (POP). The POPs mostly contain a halogen or chlorine group making them less soluble in water and highly soluble in lipid which leads to its accumulation in fat containing tissues. They are semi-volatile due to which they can transport to long distance through atmosphere e.g. tributyl tin, dibutyl tin and monobutyl tin. Heavy metals nominal amount of most heavy metals are essential for critical metabolic functions but high concentrations has detrimental effects. But some heavy metals like lead, mercury and cadmium have no known benefit but has severe adverse impact. Heavy metals are not degradable, accumulate in tissues and cause acute or chronic toxic effects. The toxic effects depends on the type of metal and their effects. Heavy metals enters into marine ecosystem by means of influx or atmospheric deposition or direct discharges from industry (Researchgate.net 2008). Water covers more than 70 % of the earths surface and contains more than 90% of the living biomass. Marine ecosystem provides oxygen, food, rain, buffers the weather and regulates the global temperature but still it is being threatened by human activities. Because of the growing concerns for marine condition and development, numerous legal regimes have come up to address the problems of marine environment like pollution, biodiversity loss, protection of endangered species and marine mammals. The international environmental law comprises of treaties and customary laws. Though both these source of law provide support and have distinct legal obligation on states but in practice treaty is more viable and dominant. Several conferences and events like the 1972 Stockholm conference on the human environment, the 1982 United Nations convention on the law of the sea, the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone, the high seas, protection and preservation of the marine environment led to th e international environmental law. Area within national jurisdiction and areas beyond national jurisdiction are to be protected and conserved with the help of regulatory laws. Marine protected areas (MPA) have been developed where human activities are limited. These MPAs are important to safeguard the irreversible biodiversity loss. In June 2011, the United Nation established an adhoc open-ended informal working group to understand problems concerning conservation and sustainable use of marine diversity. Then a multilateral agreement known as United Nations convention on the law of sea (UNCLOS) was agreed to and a package approach was adopted. The package approach included issues like marine genetic resources, area-based management tool and environment impact assessments, capacity building and transfer of marine technology (FIELD 2012). Alien species are species that enter into an ecosystem intentionally or non-intentionally where they do not belong. The alien species can be plants, crustaceans, algae, fishes, molluscs, bacteria and viruses. Most of the alien species enter into the marine ecosystem through ballast water from commercial shipping operations (marinebio.org n.d.). When these alien species enter into a new habitat which is fit for their survival, they quickly dominate the natural wildlife and throw the ecosystem out of balance. The alien species spread rapidly due to several reasons like high dispersal ability, rapid reproduction and growth, phenotypic plasticity, ability to survive on different types of food and in different environmental conditions e.g. Bonamia ostrea, a parasitic rhizaria caused lethal infection known as bonamiosis in European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis. Bonamia ostrea initially spread in the wild and cultivated stocks of native oysters in River Fal, United Kingdom. Around the same ti me, it was detected in Essex and Helford river. By 1986, bonamiasis had further spread to Poole, the Solent and its adjacent harbour. Controls were applied initially to prevent the spread of the pathogen by preventing movement of live shellfish. Bonamiasis remained confined to areas in England until 2005, when it was reported in Northern Ireland by Lough Foyle. In 2006, it was reported in Wales and Scotland. Subsequently 9 zones were designated as infected with the disease (Laing I et al 2014). Subtidal reefs are made up of rocks e.g. limestone, granite, basalt which always remains submerged, even at low tides. It can be found in deep and shallow waters and gives an environment where many plants and animals are able to survive. Two subtidal reefs are Shallow subtidal patch reef in Indonesia coral reefs are biologically diverse and provide a productive marine ecosystem. These coral reefs are usually surrounded by mangroves and seagrasses. The transition zones between these coral reefs and the mangroves and seagrasses are known as coral bommies. A coral bommie is an isolated coral reef patch surrounded by sand or rubble. They harbour a diverse ecosystem for fish and invertebrate communities. Fish is an integral part of the coral reef as they help in movement of material and energy between the reef and seagrass. Coral reef provides both shelter from predators and food source to the fish. Some fishes remain on the patch reef for their entire life and some use it during a life-stage like a nursery habitat. Other fishes are transient and make diurnal or tidal migration between reef zone and patch reef zone. These coral bommies are susceptible to global climate change especially because in the shallower zone there is a greater fluctuat ion in temperatures. So steps are being taken to reduce this problem by constructing artificial reefs to alleviate habitat loss and constructing these artificial reefs also helps to know the optimum size, composition and distribution required to increase the diversity and abundance of these fishes and invertebrate communities (Ahmadia G n.d.). Subtidal rocky reefs in Victoria Parks in Australia - it is composed of rocks found in both shallow and deep waters. Erosions from waves creates rock overhangs and crevices where creatures take shelter. Subtidal rocky reefs are home to variety of plants and animals of the marine environment. The shallow reefs contain extensive communities of plants which form the kelp forests and the deep reefs have brilliant colours due to diverse sponges and marine invertebrates. The Victorian reef also contains bright corals and some big fish. These reefs are important for the survival of some commercial species like abalone and rock lobsters. The problems faced by these subtidal rocky reefs are fishing and removal of animals and plants, marine pests like Japanese kelp and northern pacific sea star which compete with resident marine life for food and space, trampling of plants and animals by people visiting the park, damage of the anchor, climate effect changes like rise of sea level, warming of s ea surface and increase in acidity of oceans. The parks management has established an adaptive management framework with five stages to maintain and restore the natural marine habitat (Parkweb.vic.gov.au n.d.). Every living thing on this earth requires some special conditions to survive and reproduce like sunlight, air, food, energy. But the deep sea creatures lead a far more challenging life and their needs are more complex than just food and sunlight. The deep sea creatures faces challenges everyday like high pressure, little oxygen, no sunlight, little food, darkness and extreme cold to name a few. Deep sea female angler fish release a scent which is picked up by the dwarfed male angler fish which has large eyes and nostrils. The male angler fish hooks to female by its mouth and releases enzymes to enable fusion of the two. Another example is that of ceratias holboelli where the female fish is half a million times heavier than male fish. This drastic difference in the sizes is very important in reduction of the impact of attachment for the female fish. The attachment may be temporary or permanent. Some female species mate by using their light organ photophores which attracts males. And s ome species are hermaphroditic. Through these mechanisms, the male gains access to the females circulatory system and survives by taking nutrients from female blood. This is a parasitic relationship where both sexes benefit. Though most of the deep sea creatures have yet to be explored, these creatures have found a mechanism for reproduction and growth (Piechowski M 2013). Genetics and the Matrine Environment Advances in genetic technologies have increased our knowledge in medical field and helped in biotechnological research. Genetic technologies has helped to understand the pattern and processes that influence the marine life. Though use of genetic technology in marine systems is still not fully developed but some progress has been made in recent years. Genetic approaches have increased our understanding of different aspects of deep sea dynamics like species population, migration, population differentiation. E.g. sewalls wrights island model, fantasy island model. e.g. The next generation sequencing (NSG) has helped in gain information about the genome, transcriptome and metabolome of marine species. The study of genetic variation of model fish system has provided us with data on adaptation and persistence mechanisms useful in biodiversity assessment and conservation of marine ecosystems. E.g. genomics of bottlenose dolphin, tursiopstruncates, helped us understand the nervous system of dolphins and the similarities it has with other large brain mammals like humans. Another example is how sequencing of African coelacanths genes helped understand how fish may have first adapted to life on land and later gave rise to amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Transcriptome analysis is used when gene sequence is not available. It was recently performed on Atlantic herring, fish found in marine waters and great source of protein in Europe and North America. This fish can survive in salinity and can reproduce in both north Atlantic and the Baltic sea. The SNP and other studies showed that there is very little genetic differentiation between geographically distant and morphologically distant forms. Large scale techniques like transcriptomic and proteomic have helped in better understanding of phenotypic variability and functional genomics (Huete-Preze J Quezada F 2013) We know that fisheries business have attained a great high nowadays. Because of the increased demand for fish especially shellfish globally, it becomes important to manage the exploited wild stock and help in stock identification. Genetic techniques are used in fisheries management for identification of markers for stock discrimination. This discrimination helps to understand how fish especially shellfish species have same genetics as isolated reproductive populations. This information helps in management of fisheries because usually local populations are thought worthy of conserving because they contribute to genetic diversity, which may latter be used to increase their productivity in environmental conditions that keeps on changing. Genomics helps in conservation and management of natural populations. Genomics also helps to increases the neutral genetic markers for a number of species. This helps to better estimate the effect of demographic changes on populations. Genomics also helps in structuring unknown species to known Baseline population e.g. mixed stock analysis. Genomics also helps in studying the genetics which help in local adaptation in species. Genomics helps in genetic identification of pathogenic organisms in commercially viable species and to understand the expression of growth factors. e.g. Atlantic salmon is an important specie in fisheries management. Genetic techniques in Atlantic salmon targeted both DNA RNA. An microarray containing cDNA obtained from salmon and data from rainbow trout EST database has been used to investigate salmonoid several disease response and disease resistance and immune response. It has been used to study genes involved in maturation and development of rainbow trout ovarian and testicular tissues, Marine biotechnology is the application of biotechnological tools on marine products and species. Drug discovery is the most known and promising application of marine biotechnology. Biochemical obtained by marine species, algae and bacteria exhibit very different properties from those produced by land animals. Drugs derived Marine species include antibiotic from fungi, two compounds obtained from a sponge that can treat cancer and herpes virus and a neurotoxin obtained from a snail that is 10000 more potent in reducing pain as compared to morphine without side-effects. Marine derived compounds have been used in cosmetics, nutritional supplements, artificial bone and industrial products, novel glues and heat resistant enzymes Marine biotechnology is used in aquaculture for improving the production of aquatic species, for conventional fish breeding to enhance the desired traits in fish, to study about diseases in aquatic species and help them develop resistance to it, to enhance the gr owth rate of fishes, several products extracted from aquatic life is being put to different use like seaweed extract for thalassotherapy, agar-agar, alginate, etc (Mayekar T et al n.d.) Biodiversity in general terms means the number of species types in a particular ecosystem. Marine biodiversity refers to the numerous specie types found in oceans and seas. Marine biodiversity is very important for human health and well-being. The three major patterns affecting marine diversity are sea surface temperature, habitat availability and pollution. Ocean temperature especially from climate change affects the distribution of sea life. Increased temperature and stratification affects the productivity of phytoplankton. Any change in phytoplankton timing, abundance or species has an effects on the whole food web. Due to global warming, the southern species have started moving towards the poles and the northern species have started retreating (Marbef.org n.d.). Marine ecosystem have been experiencing increased habitat loss and degradation and these two processes are critically affecting the marine diversity. Between 1960 and 1995, every day one kilometre of coastline was developed, thereby causing permanent loss of valuable habitat e.g. coastal wetlands, rocky shores and seagrass meadows. Loss of habitat causes reduction in the species and number of fishes. Some environmental changes occur when there is loss of natural habitat and it leads to arrival and colonisation of opportunistic species which benefit from these conditions (Marbef.org n.d.). Pollution occurs in the marine ecosystem due to human activities, chemicals, industrial activities, offshore oil and gas production, marine oil transportation, agricultural and urban activities. Pollution from direct and indirect sources causes steady degradation of marine ecosystems. Though it is difficult to assess the effect of pollutants on marine environment, but it can be established that over a long time it causes stress that suppresses immune system and makes the species sensitive to infectious agents and parasites. The genetic tools have enhanced our ability to analyse the marine population, to speculate on hidden biodiversity, temporal and spatial structuring of gene flow. DNA extraction is used to study biodiversity, metagenetic analysis provides information about taxonomic composition and spatial diversity of communities in marine ecosystem (Carugati L et al 2015). References Medlin k et al n.d., Molecular tools for the study of marine microbial diversity [Online], Encyclopedia of life support systems, Available from https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C17/E6-58-08-06.pdf. [Accessed 22/01/17] Tittensor D et al (2010), Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa, Nature, 466, pp 1098-1103. Piechowski M 2013, Reproduction in the deep seas [Online] Miami.edu, Available from https://sharkresearch.rsmas.miami.edu/conservation/reproduction-in-the-deep-sea. [Accessed 23/01/17] Ahmadia G (n.d.), The ecology and biology of shallow subtidal patch reefs in Indonesia [Online], opwall.com, Available from https://opwall.com/wp-content/uploads/IH205-The-ecology-and-biology-of-shallow-subtidal-patch-reefs-in-Indonesia.pdf. [Accessed 23/01.17] Parkweb.vic.gov.au (n.d.), Subtidal rocky reefs [Online] Parkwen.vic.gov.au, Available from https://parkweb.vic.gov.au/park-management/environment/ecosystems/marine/subtidal-rocky-reefs. [Accessed 23/01/17] MarineBio.org (n.d.), Alien species [Online] MarineBio Conservation Society, Available from https://marinebio.org/oceans/alien-species/. [Accessed 23/01/17] Laing I et al (2014), Epidemiology of Bonamia in the UK, 1982 to 2012, The crown, 110, pp 101-111 FIELD (2012), Protecting the marine environment in areas beyond national jurisdiction [Online] FIELD, Available from https://www.lighthouse-foundation.org/fileadmin/LHF/PDF/field_mpas_guide_april_2012.pdf. [Accessed 23/01.17] Reasearchgate.net (2008), Threats to marine environment: pollution and physical damage [Online] Researchgate.net, Available from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226028160_Threats_to_the_Marine_Environment_Pollution_and_Physical_Damage. [Accessed 23/01/17] Royal British academy (2005), The intertidal ecosystem: the value of Irelands shores, Dublin: Royal British academy. Huete-Preze J Quezada F (2013), Genomics approaches in marine biodiversity and aquaculture, Biological research, 46(4). Carugati L et al 2015, Metagenetic tools for the census of marine meiofaunal biodiversity: an overview, Marine genomics, 24(1), pp 11-20. Mayekar T n.d., Marine biotechnology: bioactive natural products and their applications [Online],Available from https://www.aquafind.com/articles/Marine-Biotechnology.php. [Accessed 23/01/17]

Article Review of Half Defense Positive Accounting Research

Question: Discuss about theArticle Review of Half Defense Positive Accounting Research. Answer: Introduction: This report discusses research paper on the half a defense positive accounting research. Positive accounting research is the research to test the positive accounting theory. Watts and Zimmerman state that the contract between parties in different organizations leads the accounting to be emerged. The scientific research is called to be positive accounting research when the non rational elements of human behavior cause accounting. Along with this, the main aims this report is to analyze the phenomena of the accounting research. The main aim of the research paper was to analyze the positive accounting research in intellectual project in scientific research with a view to identify the cause and effect relationship in the world. The report will include the critical argument on ontology and epistemology, research methodology used in the article, hypothesis set out in the paper, and hypothesis testing with recommendation provided in the article. The main focus of the report is to identify t he cause and effect relationship in accounting. The article is focused on the review of epistemological and ontological hypothesis of the intellectual project to understand and gain insight into the deficiencies and importance of positive accounting research. Summary: This article analyzes and discusses Positive Accounting Theory. It compares two different theories positive accounting theory and normative accounting theory to identify the best one theory. It assesses the development of Positive Accounting Theory and puts in comparison with three standard account of science Lakatos, Kuhn, and Popper. This article demonstrates that rather positive Accounting Theory comprises of elements of all the three standards of science however methodological status of the Positive Accounting Theory does not fit any of three fully. Along with this, the article found that development of Positive Accounting Theory characterized normal science over the decades by Kuhn. This article aims to identify that how the current accounting research practices are below to whatever required conducting the research successfully. It also assesses two aspects epistemology and ontology of the positive research. Along with this, the article shows that Watts and Zimmerman devised a term Positive Accounting Theory for their theory of accounting. Along with this, the epistemology and ontology of the research programs of positive accounting have been examined. This paper identified that positivist research programs are very effective and powerful, however due to some deficiencies in the research practices it losing its value. This paper identified that casually development of theoretical models, dully reliance of research on the rational of hypothesis testing, no interest in the quantitative parametrical values, and analysis of qualitative data using theories exist. Different competing theories should be tested comparatively to ensure the critical qualitative research. According to this paper, the positive research in accounting is not able to attain scientific objectives of the research. However, normal science defined by Kuhn is best suited to the positive research in accounting than actual science. Apart from this, the article devised some suggestion such as better theoretical model for positive accounting research, better measurement of the theoretical models, and shifting the focus to anticipation of the parameters from testing the formed hypothesis. Hypothesis: There are following working hypothesis made in this paper. These hypotheses are The world is not depending on human imaginations. It is not made up by human beings and the events in the world are not under the control of human desires. Events in the world are neither consequence of the intervention for outside nor are duly random. Is it possible for any normal person to gather information with fair reliability about the events by observation? The goal of the intellectual enquire is to observe for gaining and developing the knowledge of the world. There is great complexity and difficulty in assessing the corporate directors social world than wolf pack. These hypotheses were developed based on the understanding and knowledge gained by the researcher from the literature review. The researcher did not assert for the hypothesis and revealed the general agreed explanation that the living being outside the world intervene in the world that causes the events in the world. Theoretical Framework: In this paper, theoretical framework has been used to conduct the qualitative positive research of accounting. This paper includes theoretical framework that defines the hypothesis, data collection, hypothesis testing, how the existing theories are falsified and proved, research approach, philosophy, and other research methods and methodologies for the qualitative and quantitative positive accounting research program. The epistemology, ontology and research methods are the part of interpretive research paradigm. Positive Research in Accounting: Positive accounting research is the testing of the positive accounting theory. According to Watts and Zimmerman, implied or express contract between parties in the different kinds of organization and the rational in their self interest may cause accounting. The positive accounting theory carries choice for managers, auditors decision for reporting and pricing, politicians and regulators decision regarding accounting standards, expert advice, and various other phenomena of accounting. Some kinds of accounting researches assess the human behavior without considering the rationality and self interest of the parties. Thus, the positive accounting research is broader than the positive accounting theory. This may be called as scientific accounting research as the non-rational elements of the human behavior cause the phenomena of accounting. Epistemology, Ontology, and Methodology: Epistemology and Ontology Positive accounting research is just different from the accounting research. Ontology states that the knowledge developed by the contextual and social understanding of the accounting. At the same time, epistemology aspect of the interpretivist paradigm states that how does one get to know about the worldview of a person. The positive accounting research is interpretivist research pursuing some of the question such as what, why, when, and how to develop the contextual understanding of the research topic or problem. The world does not object the nature of the persons consisted of their role, practices, relationships, and conducts. The events or contract between parties may be without following any rational aspects. The self interest as recited above should comprise of the experience gained by the social actor or person and the meaning he or she gives to his or her life and acts. Both of the elements of self interest give the sense of the subjectivity but they form an objective reality during the social interaction process among parties. Due to the logical difficulties between ontological and epistemological aspects of positive accounting research, the positive research programs are futile as they aims at developing the objective understanding of the factors causing phenomena of accounting. The ontology here has defined the reality of the social interaction between human beings and epistemology has defined that how the research can discover the meaning behind the activities and events took place. The research asks open questions rather than close ending questions to know about the viewpoints of the persons. The researcher decides about the questions to be asked from the participants. The manager controls over the research through the budgetary system. The key problem has to be identified for furthering the research process. It may be that the positive epistemology and ontology are not correct but they cannot be said illogical and absurd. Methodology: Methodology is the third element of the research paradigm. The methodology states that methods used in the research. The methodology used in the article given below: Research philosophy and research approach: The interpretivist research philosophy has been used in this paper to discover the causes of accounting phenomenon without non rational assumptions. The researcher used some questions such as what, why, when, and how regarding the relationship between positive and interpretive accounting research as that between humanity and science. At the same time, here inductive approach was used to prove the theories. Inductive approach has been used to gather the qualitative data to test the cause and effect relation between human behavior and accounting. Research Design and Method: The research design is the types of research to be used for solving the problem. The research design may be of two types such as quantitative research and qualitative research. The qualitative research has been conducted using inductive approach to gather the huge data regarding positive accounting research in organizations. The qualitative research methods include interview, narrative, observation, case study, ethnography, and others. Here the researcher has used qualitative research to test the theories. The qualitative research is used to test whether the nature of reality which is socially framed is not an insuperable issue, and is there a difficulty in observation of the corporate directors social world than the same of the wolf. The survey has been used to know the human behavior in the group. Survey is the method in which the information about behavior of the human in organizations is gathered through asking some question or observation. Hypothesis Testing or Findings: There are some steps of the Poppers theory that should be followed while testing the theories. This process includes four steps which are Carefully observation of the research objective and development of the ideas and viewpoints about that Development of theories including predictions in harmonious to reliable and relevant empirical evidences Testing the predictions of new theories and old existing theories in same situation and rejecting the theory fails in test Replication of step 2 and step 3 always The Poppers criterion may not be falsified and disapproved because many of the assumption are decided theoretically so falsification of that prediction does not show the assumption which is actually wrong. At the same time, the testing of hypothesis by the observation is not the scientific research therefore the Popper criterion cannot be disproved. The observation cannot help in measuring a single theory but in case of two or more theories the observation might be selected. A decisive observation can disapprove the theories which are incorrect but at the same time it would have to support to the competing theories or theory. The qualitative accounting research fails in solving the question whether theory of Foucault is applicable in situation of the adoption of the strategic system approach in auditing and whether the application technology of self devised by Foucault to ensure the compliance by front line auditors is an empirical question or not. The theoretical frameworks used are assertion that leads the failure of the qualitative accounting research. Recommendations: The paper provided includes some recommendation for effective positive research programs. A specific vulnerable model should be utilized with carefully entering the variables in model for mathematical measurement. Analytical modeling of the theoretical models to effectively test the theoretical prediction should be. In accounting research, the researcher should develop a theoretical model accordingly that may support in collection, validation and analysis of data. The main focus of the research should be on the measurement rather than testing. The measurement supports in developing the conceptual understanding. The Significance and Limitation of the Article: This paper identified that gap between positive accounting research programs and requirements to make it more effective for contributing in intellectual programs. This limitation affects the significance of the article. Improper selection of the research methods leads to ineffective research and testing of the theories that leads to incorrect consequences. These limitations put impact on the quality of the article and its contribution. The scientific research hypothesis set out the researchers was not accepted by the Kuhn theory. The article focuses on the Kuhn theory which is not accepted by other most of the scientists. Conclusion: From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the report defined the topic of the paper, hypothesis, theoretical framework of the research elements such as ontology and epistemology, research philosophy, research approach, research design, and data collection methods. It is found that the qualitative research is not able to addressing the research question related to the positive accounting research and positive accounting theory. There is some suggestion provided for the effective positive accounting research. The critical analysis in the paper has implication on the positive accounting research programs. The analysis suggested some recommendation that may help in improving the positive accounting research. References: Dunmore, P. (2009) Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Retrieved from https://www.massey.ac.nz/~pvdunmor/HalfaDefence.pdf